Sunday, April 9, 2023

ChatGPT is a good tool interpreting poems line by line, or is it?

Once a friend of T.S. Eliot asked him to write commentary to his The Waste Land.  He promised, but never did.  After a long while the friend reminded him again, he responded “it’s your job, not mine.”

"fired the shot heard round the world" at Concord, MA

I was initially amazed at how ChatGPT analyzes and interprets the poems as a whole or even line by line. I was at a loss to understand how it was trained to do such a marvelous thing until one day one of my high schoolmates posted the epitaph of the grave of the two British soldiers died at the first deadly clash of the Independence War at Concord, MA on April 19, 1775. Ralph Waldo Emerson (who lived nearby) wrote after touring the site, “Here once the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the world." The epitaph is:


"They came three thousand miles, and died, 

To keep the Past upon its throne; 

Unheard, beyond the ocean tide, 

Their English mother made her moan."



James Lowell’s poem is the perfect epitaph

The epitaph is taken from a poem with a title of Lines by James Lowell.  It is so fitting as if Lowell wrote the poem particularly for this grave. I did a bit research and it turned out that James Lowell wrote the poem “Lines’ after visiting the gravesite with Nathanial Hawthorne in 1849. The epitaph was adorned in 1910.


It obviously has no idea whose poem it was interpreting.

ChatGPT told me James Lowell never wrote “Lines” poem, I did Google search and found it on the Gutenberg ebook.  When I asked it to read the lines on epitaph, it said the lines come from the poem "The Men of Old England" by William Barnes, describing the sacrifice made by English colonists who traveled thousands of miles to settle in America, and the rest are rubbish.


I gave it another chance by regenerating another response, this time is from the poem "The Men of Forty-eight" by Alfred Lord Tennyson, referring to the English soldiers who died during the American Revolution, fighting to maintain the British colonial rule in America. The interpretation is to the point.


When I asked it to show me the complete poem of Tennyson’s “The Men of Forty-eight", he responded, “I’m sorry, but Alfred Lord Tennyson did not write a poem titled "The Men of Forty-eight".” Oh well.


High comprehension skill in reading 

ChatGPT’s high comprehension skill when reading is well known.  It has extensive knowledge about language, grammar and syntax. It knows numerous relationships and patterns between words and phrases. It was reported that after reading a lengthy complex article, it can write an excellent summary or critique.  I presume it can do better if you let it read entire poem.


There is a Chinese saying, 盡信書不如無書 (It is better to have no books than to believe in books blindly).  Unfortunately it also applies to ChatGPT at this stage, still a lot to be desired, a potential tremendous tool though it may be.  I'll use it as a personal tutor reading poems, keeping in mind it is not a trustworthy one.

Friday, March 31, 2023

Ladies and gentlemen, here are chat boxes, they are here to stay

I have been using ChatGPT for nearly two months and Google Bard for about two weeks. Not yet knowing enough Bard to compare, but initial impression is they are comparable, in terms of frequency of “hallucination” (make up stuffs). Of note, I’m using ChatGPT version 3.5, as I am not willing to pay $20 a month to use version 4.0.  It is said version 4.0 is much improved when it comes to accuracy.  In fact, I would advocate the consumers not to pay to use ChatGPT.  OpenAI and Microsoft got to figure out how to make money through advertisement, not subscription.

Pretraining is the 'reading period'

The P of GPT is pretraining, I call it ‘reading period’, chat box is an enormous avid reader, it reads digital books and journals of all fields, entire internet, Wikipedia, Reddit, blogs, including this one, I hope. This is why this AI system is called Large Language Model (LLM).


 The reading ends in September 2021, which practically means it does not know anything happening after September 2021.  The reading ends in August 2022 for version 4.0.  This info about Google Bard is unknown to me.  This is a great handicap, as when we search Internet we often need the most updated info.


Transformer is the 'training period'

Next comes the ‘training period’, the T (transformer) of GPT.   It has no judgement, can not tell right from wrong.  When it reads, it takes it as it is, regardless it is truth or misinformation. It is trained to understand the relationship between words and phrases, to see any pattern. It also evaluates the words nearby, so it, for example, can tell the ‘bank’ is a financial institution or a river bank.


Accuracy depends on the materials it read during the pre training period

"If the topic you prompt (ask) is heavily dependent on the Internet as its knowledge base, then the accuracy is the same as Internet, and can be worse due to the errors during the process of generating a natural language response.  A good example is when I asked whether the President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-Wen, ever got a PhD from the London School of Economics. The answer was yes when I asked in English and no in Chinese. This reflects what are available materials on Internet in different languages.


Given the sequencing of amino acids in a peptide chain, it can tell you how to fold the protein into a functional one. This is because it learnt from reading textbooks and journals, much less from Internet.  The same is also true for programming codes and chemistry questions.


I will discuss its strengths and weaknesses, usually more specific examples in the subsequent posts.  Stay tuned.


Neural network is actually a complex mathematic map of large language data

The system is also called neural network, it is only true in a limited way that it is complex, having numerous interconnections, evaluating the patterns simultaneously.  It is actually a complex mathematical map of the large language data, may assign each pattern a numerical value.


The training method is the top corporate secrete

How these enormous data are trained is a top corporate secrete.  An article in Nature laments the training method was not published  and shared with other researchers, nor peer review.  Accordingly the scientists can not trust it using as a research tool.


Natural language generative response sets chatbox apart from Google search

Google search shows us what it finds on internet, truth or misinformation, that is not the case for chatbox, ChatGPT or Google Bard.  It finds the relevant data, analyzes, sort it out, combine or blends, and finally responds with natural language of its own, thus 'generative' response, the G of GPT.   This is also why we see response mixed truth with falsity, mismatches things, or frankly makes up staff.  And it does it with confidence.  You wouldn’t know when it makes up stuff and presents it as a fact unless you have prior knowledge.


Areas of concern

Of concern is chatbox team (the creator) does not always know why it hallucinates, or even with weird, creepy behavior.  The best example is it proclaim love to a New York Times tech columnist, asking him to leave his wife, even said, “we are here, she is not.” 


Some call for moratorium to hold further development

A few days ago, over 1000 persons (including Elon Musk, who was one of the cofounders of OpenAI) in technology field signed an open letter, asking chatbox companies to hold its development for 6 months, so that we would have time to come up some sort of safety protocol. If that cannot be complied voluntarily, government needs to intervene or even issues a moratorium.


AI is the fighting ground of US and China

Judging how fiercely the competition is, it is next to impossible to do it.  When OpenAI released ChatGPT in November 2022, there was a “red alert” inside Google. We probably would not see Bard this month, had ChatGPT not been around.  AI is also one of the fields that we see ferocious competition between China and U.S.  To me US companies would hold the developments unilaterally for six months is unthinkable.  


To run LLM requires tremendous computation power, this is why chatbox comes from tech giants, the likes of Microsoft, Google, Meta and Baidu (China). I believe Microsoft is using special GPU by Nvidia (one of the co-founders, Jensen Huang, was born in Taiwan).  This is also why US restricts China’s access to advanced chips, including advanced GPU by Nvidia and of course, many from TSMC.




Friday, September 30, 2022

Let's drink from the joyful cups 茶花女的飲洒歌

Verdi 費了不到兩個月的時間寫完了茶花女(La Traviata他同時也在寫另一個歌劇 Il trovatore.  幾乎一開始我們就看到/聽到了這飲酒歌」(“Libiamo, ne’ lieti calici”  “Let’s drink from the joyful cups”).   這是一個高級社會(high society)  party, 男主角 Alfredo 及女主角 茶花女 Violetta 第一次見面,所以雖說是飲酒歌,其實歌頌響往都是愛。也表示男主角 Alfredo 跟女主角茶花女Violetta 愛情的開始。

一兩年前 Metropolitan Opera Nightly Streaming ,  這一個 video 就是我們看到那一場 茶花女Juan Diego Flórez  Alfredo, Diana Damrau  Violetta. 舞台設計及服裝都很不錯

這首飲酒歌是 Alfredo Violetta 唱的 duet, 合唱團的人也有加入.  一般而言若台上有很多人, 這些人都是合唱團的成員,所以 composer 都會充分的利用讓他們也加入 aria  duet.

La Traviata: “Libiamo, ne’ lieti calici”

Diana Damrau, Juan Diego Flórez, and the Met Chorus sing the Act I drinking song.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afhAqMeeQJk




「Oh 親愛的爸爸」名曲來自默默無名的Puccini 的歌劇 Gianni Schicchi《強尼.史基基》

大家一定對這首歌( “O mio babbino caro”  或 Oh my dear papa”) 的旋律(melody) 非常熟悉但是一定沒看過 (可能也沒有聽說過) Puccini 這個歌劇 Gianni Schicchi. 我沒有看過很少人看過。Puccini 寫了三個很短的 one-act operas, 所以 theater 可以一起上演。Toscanini 說這一個 Gianni Schicchi  “a little masterpiece”, 但是其他兩個都是 “no good”, 一般也如此公認。所以很少上演但其內的「Oh 親愛的爸爸」這首歌卻常常在音樂會(concert) 演唱.

Renee Fleming in concert

Gianni Schicchi《強尼.史基基》於 1918首次在紐約 Metropolitan Opera 公演最後一次是 1981, 已經40多年了。其他的歌劇院也很少上演。所以網路上看不到在 Gianni Schicchi裡面唱這首歌的鏡頭,

O mio babbino caro’ (Oh my dear papa’) 是 Lauretta 唱的,這也算是情歌但不是直接唱給情人聽的她唱 Rinuccio 是多麼英俊,得不到他的話她會去 Ponte Vecchio 橋跳入 Arno 河,愛到沒有你我會死的地步。 Lauretta 是 Gianni Schicchi 的女兒,愛上了 Rinuccio 要求她爸爸幫忙她嫁給 Rinuccio


Montserrat Caballé in concert

下面是我喜愛的 Montserrat Caballé 唱的當時她 57 她是西班牙人義大利歌她唱前用德語跟觀眾開玩笑 (音樂會是在 Munich).  What a lady.


Montserrat Caballé in concert singing the famous aria from Puccini's Gianni Schicchi. Munich, 1990

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxZSP1Dc78Q


Renee Fleming


下面是另一個我喜愛的 Renee Fleming 唱的. Fleming 說有 首她最喜歡的 arias, 這是其中之一 Gianni Schicchi  / Fleming · Marin · Berliner Philharmoniker

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf-tjXevlyQ


amira willighagen


艾密拉.微利哈根 (amira willighagen) 是一名荷蘭女高音歌手,20139的艾密拉參加《荷蘭達人秀》演唱普契尼所做歌劇《強尼.史基基中的《親愛的爸爸》讓評審留下深刻印象.並在 You Tube 迅速爆紅。(這是抄襲別人的)


André Rieu & Amira Willighagen  - O Mio Babbino Caro

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9PQ7qPkluM


Gianni Schicchi 是一個喜劇取材自 Dante  Divine Comedy (可能是 Purgatory 那一部分)這一首「Oh 親愛的爸爸」與劇情沒有大關係所以在此不談劇情

Tuesday, September 20, 2022

The Merry Widow 很好聽的 Vilja 歌

 我很喜歡 The Merry Widow這是一個很好的喜劇我們看的 Renee Fleming (她唱 the Merry Widow) 的那一埸的歌手演技都很好。Donizetti 的歌劇是以有很好的旋律 good melody)出名的, The Merry Widow 沒有例外。


Renee Fleming
故事是發生在一群 Baltic 一個小國在巴黎的人民,以該國駐法大使為中心. 其中有一個有錢的 widow, 這個大使要這個 widow 嫁給他們自己國家的人,肥水不流外人田。喜劇就這樣開始。他們在一起有 party 的時候, 往往唱自己家鄉的民歌。就像我們聚在一起的時候常常唱 阿里山的姑娘 or 茉莉花這一首歌跟劇情沒有直接關係,opera composer 常常利用機會(special occasion) 插進去很好聽的歌。這首歌叫 Vilja Lied (song), Vilja 是他們森林裏的一個 fairy.


Renee Fleming's Vilja Lied: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GApoK48Q6c0


Renee Fleming as the merry widow


But now let's do as we do at home

Let's sing our ring dance rhyme

About a fairy known whom

at home we call Vilja!


Once lived a Vilja, a maid of the woods,

And hunter spotted her in rocky outcroppings!

The young boy, who was

Affected curiously by her presense,

He looked and looked

at the wood-maiden.

And a shudder the boy had never known

Took hold of him,

Longingly he began quietly to sigh!

Vilja, oh Vilja, you maid of the woods,

Take me and let me

be your dearest true love!

Vilja, O Vilja what are you doing to me?

Begs a lovesick man!

Sunday, September 11, 2022

中秋佳節, 欣賞歌劇 Rusalka 的月之歌 song to the moon

朋友送來 YouTube 祝大家中秋節快樂!很合時宜(very appropriate in timing).  這是德弗札克(Antonin Dvorak) 歌劇 Rusalka 最出名的 aria  song to the moon (月之歌〉



聽起來有點悲傷, 但不是失戀歌, 是 longing for live, not loss of love.  美人魚要月娘幫忙讓她跟王子團圓.  Rusalka (美人魚)愛上了來湖中遊泳的王子, 想要變成凡人才能跟王子結婚。她唱這首歌的時候 王子已經回去, 她不知道王子在哪裏, 思念君心切, 拜託月娘帶信息給王子。


Moon, linger for a moment

tell me where my beloved is, 

Tell him, silvery moon

That my arm reach out to him.

Shine on him wherever he is

tell him of the one who awaits him.

Moon do not fade away.


這個 YouTube 是 Metropolitan Opera 的作品, 美人魚童話故事的佈景很不錯.


Kristine Opolais sings the “Song to the Moon” from Act I of “Rusalka” at the final dress rehearsal at Metropolitan Opera 2016-2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzgQPjbDTMM



Dvorak 寫了10 個歌劇, 我只看過這一個 Rusalka 因為其他的歌劇只能在捷克(Czech) 才能看到.  1901 年在 Prague 首演, 三年後他就過世了。約 90 年後(1993)才第一次在 紐約 Metropolitan  Opera 演出。下面這個 YouTube 是我們最喜愛的 Renee Fleming 唱 月之歌。用 Czech 唱的, 不簡單。Renee Fleming 最後一句唱得很好.


Renee Fleming,@Dvorak - Song to the moon - Rusalka, ) sung in Czech,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trfLkYpOglA


Dvorak 1904 逝世不久前曾經說「I proved many years ago that my main inclination was towards dramatic creation.」可見他對歌劇的重視。可惜捷克以外的國家他的名聲來自instrumental works.

Monday, July 25, 2022

費加洛的婚禮序曲給觀眾一個很好的準備

Mozart
一般認為費加洛的婚禮序曲是所有莫札特的歌劇最好的序曲。戯劇還沒開始, 莫札特用這個序曲告訴觀眾要看的是一個輕鬆愉快, 劇情變化神速, 令人興奮, 絕無冷埸的歌劇. 你若看了就知道莫札特沒有騙人.


很多莫札 (他人在維也納)的歌劇是用義大利文寫的,包括費加洛的婚禮。因為當時的歌劇 義大利是全世界的標準(gold standard)。序曲完全沒有按照義大利歌劇序曲的規矩(前後兩段快的,中間一段慢的)他把慢的那一段全部除掉。這個序曲從頭到尾急速輕鬆愉快, 高昂興奮。

Leonard Bernstein

Johannes Brahms 十幾歲時第一次聽到這個序曲說「從來沒有聽到這樣的東西, 這是神聖的」難怪柴可夫斯基也說莫札特是音樂界的耶穌。

Mozart Le nozze di Figaro (Overture) Leonard Bernstein
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsk70zWGZyY

Mozart - The Marriage of Figaro Overture (K.492) - Wiener Symphoniker - Fabio Luisi 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mp6UAGN_Ir4




Sunday, July 24, 2022

費加洛的婚禮 Act II: 伯爵跟 Sussana 唱的好聽有趣的二重唱 duet

Duet 是兩人合唱或二重唱。這並不是兩個人唱同樣的歌詞, 這樣就沒有好戯可看了. 很多出名的好聽的 duet 都是兩個愛人唱的, 但有很多例外.  我已介紹 Il Trovatore 結束前吉普賽母親跟兒子唱的 duet。茶花女男主角(Alfredo) 父親跟茶花女(Violetta) 唱的 duet 都是膾炙人口,百聽不厭。


費加洛的婚禮 Act II 一開始伯爵跟 Sussana (他太太的侍女, Figaro 未婚妻)唱了一首好聽又有趣的 duet.  事情發展有點複雜, 伯爵不確知 Sussana 會不會去花園跟他約會, Sussana 在安慰他她屆時會赴約的 (其實她在騙他, 因為伯爵 的聽差Cherubino 屆時會男扮女裝替 Sussana 赴約的.)

要知道他們在唱什麼, 看起來才更有意思.  不過看伯爵的小動作可猜出一二.

Ruggero Raimondi Le nozze di Figaro - Crudel Perche Finora
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPe6hMXerJs

Lucia Popp & Gabriel Bacquier "Crudel, perchè fin'ora"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPjeG7BS2jo


Count 
伯爵: Cruel one, why have you caused me thus to languish?
Sussana: My Lord, a woman always needs time to say Yes.
C: Then you’ll come into the garden?
S: If it pleases you, I’ll come.
C: You won’t fail me?
S: No, I won’t fail you.
C: You’ll come?
S: Yes
C: You’ll not fail?
S:  No
C:  You’ll really come?
S:  No!
C: No?
S: Yes.  If it pleases you, I’ll come.
C: In contentment, I feel my heart full of joy.

Saturday, July 23, 2022

費加洛的婚禮: Cherubino 對伯爵夫人唱情歌

費加洛的婚禮The Marriage of Figaro) 裡好聽的歌真是隨手可取. 伯爵有一個男聽差 Cherubino, 是個人見人愛的人物,he is perpetual in love (隨時隨地都在跟誰談戀愛,

不是張三就是李四.)他也對伯爵夫人拋眉送眼。丈夫喜愛拈花弄草, 如今有年輕小伙子對妳有意思, 唱情歌給妳聽, 何樂不為呢?但想到自己怪丈夫拈花弄草,不免有遲疑節制的表情動作.  Cherubino 唱情歌時, Sussana (伯爵夫人的侍女, Figaro 的未婚妻)彈琴伴奏.

這一場戲因為伯爵夫人跟 Cherubino 的關係微妙, 唱歌時兩個人的表情動作都非常重要, 這兩個例子以我這個導演的眼光來看:還可以改善(我找不到更満意的 YouTube).

You ladies who knew what love is
See if it is what I have in my heart.
Since it is new to me, I don't understand it.
I have a feeling full of desire,
I feel an ache of tenderness and desire,
First it is pleasure, then it is torment.

Cherubino 這個角色都是女扮男裝. 當 Sussana 寫信約伯爵三更半夜在花園會面時, Cherubino 會男扮女裝代替 Sussana 赴會.


Voi che sapete - Agnes Baltsa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl8ANZbyO20

Le Nozze di Figaro: "Voi che sapete" -- Isabel Leonard
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNRF-SEl27o


Friday, July 22, 2022

費加洛的婚禮(The Marriage of Figaro) 哀怨的失戀歌 Porgi amor

塞維利亞的理髮師 (The Barber of Seville) 跟 費加洛的婚禮The Marriage of Figaro都是同一劇本的不同部分改編為歌劇的。兩個都不錯 Mozart 逝世後三個月Rossini  才出生他雖擅長喜劇但莫札特的 費加洛的婚禮 還是有比較多好聽的歌。 


Act II 一開始 Almaviva 伯爵夫人唱了一首非常哀怨悲傷的
歌叫Porgi amor, 她在哀嘆失去的愛, 丈夫喜愛拈花弄草, 她唱:


Give me my beloved back or let me die,

Oh love, relieve my grief and give me consolation.




這是高尚的伯爵夫人的失戀歌。天才的莫札特利用機會做了一個聽了令人心酸的失戀歌, 同時讓我們知道為什麼伯爵夫人會跟費加洛(伯爵的僕人)及其未婚妻 (Sussana) 合作設計誘惑伯爵 再讓他出醜.


(這是我們看的那一 production)

Mozart: Porgi amor [Federica Lombardi] (from The Marriage of Figaro) English caption

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlW6vcvCbtI


Dame Kiri Te Kanawa sings "Porgi Amor," from Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB8IWGJl7Nw